What is Scoliosis? Symptoms, Causes and Treatment

What is Scoliosis?

Scoliosis is a complex spinal condition characterised by a lateral curvature of the spine in the frontal plane, accompanied by rotation of the vertebrae. This curvature is typically described as ‘S’- or ‘C’-shaped.

The spine normally has certain physiological curves. However, in scoliosis, these curves become abnormal and the balance of the spine is disrupted. This condition can affect not only the bony structure but also the muscles, ligaments and the nervous system.

When scoliosis is mild, it may often cause no symptoms. However, as the curvature progresses, both physical appearance and functional problems may arise.

What are the symptoms of scoliosis?

The symptoms of scoliosis usually develop gradually and can be difficult to detect in the early stages. However, with careful observation, certain physical changes can be identified.

The most common symptoms of scoliosis are as follows:

• unevenness at shoulder level

• one shoulder blade being more prominent than the other

• asymmetry at the waist

• one hip being higher than the other

• the head appearing to be off-centre in relation to the body

• noticing a curvature in the spine when bending forward

In cases of severe scoliosis, however:

• back and lower back pain

• muscle fatigue

• shortness of breath

• reduced exercise capacity

gibi belirtiler de ortaya çıkabilir.

The symptoms of scoliosis should be checked regularly, particularly in children during their growth spurt. This is because the curvature can progress rapidly during this period.

What causes scoliosis?

The causes of scoliosis fall into different categories. The most common type of scoliosis is idiopathic scoliosis, but there are also other types of scoliosis caused by different factors.

Idiopathic Scoliosis

It is the most common type of scoliosis and accounts for the vast majority of cases. The exact cause is unknown. It usually develops during adolescence and tends to progress as the patient grows.

Congenital Scoliosis

It is caused by abnormalities that occur during the development of the spine in the womb. It arises as a result of missing or malformed vertebrae.

Neuromuscular Scoliosis

It develops as a result of disorders of the muscular and nervous systems. For example, conditions such as cerebral palsy or muscular dystrophy can cause scoliosis.

Degenerative Scoliosis

It arises as a result of degenerative changes in the spine that occur in adulthood. Deterioration of the disc structure and a reduction in spinal stability may be the cause of this condition.

How is scoliosis diagnosed?

Scoliosis is diagnosed through a physical examination and imaging tests. Early diagnosis is of great importance in controlling the progression of the condition.

Physical Examination

The doctor assesses the patient’s posture and spinal structure. One of the most commonly used tests is the Adam’s Forward Bend Test. In this test, the patient bends forwards and the curvature of the spine is observed.

X-ray

It is the most important imaging method used in the diagnosis of scoliosis. X-rays are used to measure the degree of curvature in the spine.

Cobb Angle

This measurement is used to determine the severity of scoliosis. Based on this angle:

• 10–20 degrees: mild

• 20–40 degrees: moderate

• Over 40 degrees: severe scoliosis

is considered to be.

Types of Scoliosis

Scoliosis is classified not only according to its cause, but also according to the shape and location of the curvature.

• Thoracic scoliosis (upper back)

• Lumbar scoliosis (lower back)

• Thoracolumbar scoliosis

• Double-curved scoliosis

This classification plays a significant role in determining the treatment plan.

How is scoliosis treated?

Treatment for scoliosis is planned based on factors such as the patient’s age, the degree of curvature and the risk of progression.

Observation (Monitoring)

In cases of mild scoliosis, regular monitoring may be sufficient. Children, particularly those still growing, are checked at regular intervals.

Physiotherapy and Exercise

Exercises designed to strengthen the muscles around the spine may be recommended. These exercises will not completely correct scoliosis, but they may slow its progression.

Corset Therapy

In cases of moderate scoliosis, a brace is used to prevent the curvature from progressing. Brace treatment is particularly effective in individuals who are still growing.

Surgical Treatment

İleri dereceli skolyoz vakalarında cerrahi müdahale gerekebilir. Bu operasyonlarda omurga düzeltilir ve sabitlenir.

How Can the Progression of Scoliosis Be Prevented?

Early diagnosis and regular monitoring are the most important factors in preventing the progression of scoliosis.

Points to note:

• regular check-ups

• performing the recommended exercises

• adapting to the use of a corset

• correction of posture habits

These measures are particularly important for individuals during their growth years.

Scoliosis and Daily Life

People with scoliosis may face certain challenges in their daily lives. However, with appropriate treatment and lifestyle adjustments, these effects can be minimised.

• correct sitting and posture habits

• regular exercise

• Avoid carrying heavy loads

• ergonomic working environment

This is important during this process.

When Should You Apply for a Doctorate?

It is recommended that you consult a specialist in the following circumstances:

• a marked difference at shoulder and hip level

• Visible curvature of the spine

• an increase in poor posture

• persistent back or lower back pain

Early diagnosis plays a critical role in managing scoliosis.